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American Museum of Natural History. On climate change, cosmology, Darwin, dinosaurs, and more. Earth Science Programs Nyc MapScience and technology of the Han dynasty. A gilded bronze oil lamp in the shape of a female servant, dated 2nd century BC, found in the tomb of Dou Wan, wife to the Han prince Liu Sheng (d. BC); its sliding shutter allows for adjustments in the direction and brightness of light while it also traps smoke within the body, an anti- pollutant design. In addition to Zhou- dynasty China's (c. With the drilling of deep boreholes into the earth, the Chinese used not only derricks to lift brine up to the surface to be boiled into salt, but also set up bamboo- crafted pipeline transport systems which brought natural gas as fuel to the furnaces. Smelting techniques were enhanced with inventions such as the waterwheel- powered bellows; the resulting widespread distribution of iron tools facilitated the growth of agriculture. For tilling the soil and planting straight rows of crops, the improved heavy- moldboard plough with three iron plowshares and sturdy multiple- tube iron seed drill were invented in the Han, which greatly enhanced production yields and thus sustained population growth. Lehman College is a senior liberal arts college in The City University of New York, founded in 1968 and offering more than 50 undergraduate majors and programs; over 40 graduate degree programs; 17 advanced certificates; and. The method of supplying irrigation ditches with water was improved with the invention of the mechanical chain pump powered by the rotation of a waterwheel or draft animals, which could transport irrigation water up elevated terrains. The waterwheel was also used for operating trip hammers in pounding grain and in rotating the metal rings of the mechanical- driven astronomical armillary sphere representing the celestial sphere around the Earth. The quality of life was improved with many Han inventions. The Han Chinese had hempen- bound bamboo scrolls to write on, yet by the 2nd century AD had invented the papermaking process which created a writing medium that was both cheap and easy to produce. The invention of the wheelbarrow aided in the hauling of heavy loads. The maritime junk ship and stern- mounted steering rudder enabled the Chinese to venture out of calmer waters of interior lakes and rivers and into the open sea. The invention of the grid reference for maps and raised- relief map allowed the Chinese to better navigate their terrain. In medicine, they used new herbal remedies to cure illnesses, calisthenics to keep physically fit, and regulated diets to avoid diseases. Authorities in the capital were warned ahead of time of the direction of sudden earthquakes with the invention of the seismometer that was tripped by a vibration- sensitive pendulum device. To mark the passing of the seasons and special occasions, the Han Chinese used two variations of the lunisolar calendar, which were established due to efforts in astronomy and mathematics. Han- era Chinese advancements in mathematics include the discovery of square roots, cube roots, the Pythagorean theorem, Gaussian elimination, the Horner scheme, improved calculations of pi, and negative numbers. Hundreds of new roads and canals were built to facilitate transport, commerce, tax collection, communication, and movement of military troops. The Han- era Chinese also employed several types of bridges to cross waterways and deep gorges, such as beam bridges, arch bridges, simple suspension bridges, and pontoon bridges. Han ruins of defensive city walls made of brick or rammed earth still stand today. Modern perspectives on science and technology during Han. However, they also argue that without the influence of proto- scientific precepts in the ancient philosophy of Mohism, Chinese science continued to lack a definitive structure. If Mohism, rich in scientific thought, had rapidly grown and strengthened, the situation might have been very favorable to the development of a scientific structure. However, this did not happen because the seeds of the primitive structure of science were never formed. During the late Eastern Han, disastrous upheavals again occurred in the process of social transformation, leading to the greatest social disorder in Chinese history. One can imagine the effect of this calamity on science. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, and southern Jiangsu) was fired at even higher temperatures than grey pottery during the Han. The earliest specimens of cast iron found in China date to the 5th century BC during the late Spring and Autumn period, yet the oldest discovered blast furnaces date to the 3rd century BC and the majority date to the period after Emperor Wu of Han (r. Wagner writes that most domestic iron tools and implements produced during the Han were made of cheaper and more brittle cast iron, whereas the military preferred to use wrought iron and steel weaponry due to their more durable qualities. BCE) perhaps had a role in promoting this new system. CE) wrote in his Simin yueling (. Every year, they would burn the weeds in the paddy field, drench it in water, sow rice by hand, and around harvest time cut the surviving weeds and drown them a second time. Professional artisan- engineers (jiang . As written by Yang Xiong in 1. BCE, the belt drive was first used for a quilling device which wound silk fibers onto the bobbins of weaver shuttles. For the purpose of indoor air conditioning, he set up a large manually operated rotary fan which had rotating wheels that were 3 m (9. This employed sliding levers and bendable joints that could be protracted and retracted. This includes the crank handle. Han pottery tomb models of farmyards and gristmills possess the first known depictions of crank handles, which were used to operate the fans of winnowing machines. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century CE, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century CE. Although Han- era calipers bear incised inscriptions of the exact day of the year they were manufactured, they are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. An improvement of the simple lever- and- fulcrum tilt hammer device operated by one's foot, the hydraulic- powered trip hammer used for pounding, decorticating, and polishing grain was first mentioned in the Han dictionary. Jijiupian of 4. 0 BC. CE) had an engineer build several of them to lift water into pipes that provided the capital Luoyang and its palaces with clean water. CE) invented a water- powered reciprocator which worked the bellows of the blast furnace and cupola furnace in smelting iron; before this invention, intensive manual labor was required to work the bellows. CE) in 2. 63 CE. It was most likely a handbook for day- to- day business transactions or affairs of government administration. In one problem which sought to determine the height of the Sun from the Earth and the diameter of the Sun, Chen Zi (. It is the first known book to feature negative numbers, along with the Bakhshali manuscript (2. CE? 3rd century) written in about 2. CE. 1. 05. 0 BCE), the earliest evidence of a decimal fraction (i. Han mathematicians understood that the area of a square versus the area of its inscribed circle had an approximate ratio of 4: 3, and also understood that the volume of a cube and the volume of its inscribed sphere would be 4. Since he found the ratio of the volume of the cube to the inscribed sphere at 8: 5, the ratio of the area of a square to the inscribed circle is . The 2nd- century- BCE Huainanzi, compiled by eight scholars under the patronage of King Liu An (1. Mercator's comma). BCE) from the State of Qi was the first in history to acknowledge sunspots as genuine solar phenomena (and not obstructing natural satellites as thought in the West after Einhard's observation in 8. CE), while the first precisely dated sunspot observation in China occurred on May 1. BCE during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han (r. CE) for 1. 3 CE, and (what is now known to have been) a supernova in 1. CE. By 8. 4 CE the elliptical ring was added to the armillary sphere, while Zhang Heng's model of 1. CE added the celestial horizon ring and meridian ring. In contrast to the Julian calendar (4. BCE) and Gregorian calendar (1. CE) of the West (but like the Hellenic calendars of Classical Greece), the Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that it uses the precise movements of the Sun and Moon as time- markers throughout the year. Jing Fang wrote in the 1st century BCE that Han astronomers believed the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical like balls or crossbow bullets. Thorp describes the scarcity of Han- era archaeological remains, as well as the often unreliable Han- era literary and artistic sources used by historians for clues about non- existent Han architecture. BCE) in Hebei province not only had a front hall with window drapes and grave goods, carriages and horses in the southern separate side chamber, and storage goods in the northern side chamber, but also the remains of real timber houses with tiled roofs erected within (along with a house made of stone slabs and two stone doors in the rear chamber). This includes multi- story storehouses such as granaries, courtyard houses with multi- story halls, kiosks, walled gate towers, mills, manufactories and workshops, animal pens, outhouses, and water wells. CE) was certainly a beam bridge. CE) was the first to suggest a regulated diet rich in certain vitamins could prevent different types of disease, an idea which led Hu Sihui (fl. CE) was a physician who had studied the Huangdi neijing and became knowledgeable in Chinese herbology. Since two 4th- century- BCE silk maps from the State of Qin (found in Gansu, displaying the region about the Jialing River) show the measured distance between timber- gathering sites, Mei- ling Hsu argues that these are to be considered the first known economic maps (as they predate the maps of the Roman geographer Strabo, c. Instead of presenting the map, he pulled out a dagger from his scroll, yet was unable to kill Ying Zheng.
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